Ntitugakabye kugorana - niba waragiye wibaza uwatangije igikorwa cyose cy’ubutasi bw’ubukorano, igisubizo, nibura mu mateka, kirasobanutse neza: John McCarthy. Umuntu utaritabiriye gusa mu myaka ya mbere ya AI - ni we wayihaye izina. Interuro y’ubutasi bw’ubukoranoni iye.
Ariko ntukibeshye ko ari izina ryiza. Si iry'icyubahiro. Ni iryabo.
Ingingo ushobora gukunda gusoma nyuma y'iyi:
🔗 Uburyo bwo gukora AI – Kwibira mu buryo bwimbitse
gifatika. Ubuyobozi bwuzuye kandi budafite ishingiro bwo kubaka AI yawe bwite uhereye hasi.
🔗 Quantum AI ni iki? – Aho Fiziki, Kode, n'Akajagari bihurira
Suzuma aho mekanike ya quantum n'ubwenge bw'ubukorano bihurira.
🔗 Igitekerezo muri AI ni iki? - Igihe byose bihurira hamwe
Menya uburyo AI ifata ibyemezo kandi igatanga ubumenyi mu gihe nyacyo ukoresheje amakuru yatojwe.
🔗 Bisobanura iki gufata ingamba zose zo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina hakoreshejwe ubuhanga buhanitse?
Menya impamvu intsinzi ya AI irenze algorithms gusa - amahame mbwirizamuco, intego, n'ingaruka nabyo ni ingenzi.
John McCarthy: Izina rirenze iri mu nyandiko 🧑📘
John McCarthy wavutse mu 1927 kandi akaba yarakoraga cyane kugeza ubwo yitabye Imana mu 2011, yari afite ubwoko butangaje bw'ubumenyi ku mashini - icyo zishobora kuba, icyo zishobora kutazigera ziba. Mbere yuko imbuga z'imitsi zica za seriveri za interineti, yari amaze kwibaza ibintu bigoye: Ni gute twigisha imashini gutekereza? Ni iki kibarwa nk'igitekerezo?
Mu 1956, McCarthy yafatanyije gutegura inama muri Dartmouth College ifite imbaraga zikomeye mu by’ubwenge: Claude Shannon (yego, umuntu w’umuhanga mu by’amakuru), Marvin Minsky, n’abandi bake. Iyi ntiyari inama y’ubushakashatsi gusa. Ni cyo gihe. Ni cyo kintu nyacyo cyabaye aho ijambo " artificial intelligence" ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu rwego rw’ubuyobozi.
Icyo gitekerezo cya Dartmouth? Cyarumye gato hejuru, ariko cyateje impinduka zitaragabanuka.
Yakoze iki mu by'ukuri? (Byinshi, mu by'ukuri) 💡🔧
LISP, mu ntangiriro
Mu 1958, McCarthy yashyizeho LISP, ururimi rwa porogaramu rwagiye ruganza ubushakashatsi bwa AI mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo. Niba wigeze kumva ijambo "AI y'ikigereranyo," LISP ni yo yari ikora cyane. Yatumye abashakashatsi bakina bakoresheje logique isubiramo, imitekerereze ishingiye ku bwenge - muri make, ibintu twiteze ubu ku bahanga benshi bakomeye.
Gusangira igihe:
Igitekerezo cya OG Cloud McCarthy cyo gusangira igihe - kureka abakoresha benshi bagakorana na mudasobwa icyarimwe - cyafashije gutuma mudasobwa igera ku kintu gishobora kwagurwa. Ushobora no kuvuga ko ari cyo cyakomotse ku miterere y'ikoranabuhanga ya kera mu buryo bw'umwuka.
Yashakaga ko imashini zikoresha ubwenge
Nubwo inyinshi muri zo zari zishingiye ku bikoresho cyangwa amategeko magufi, McCarthy yinjiye mu mitekerereze - imiterere minini, idafite aho ihuriye n'ibintu nk'uko ibintu bibaho na circumscription. Aya si amagambo akoreshwa cyane. Ni imiterere ifasha imashini kudakora gusa, ahubwo no gutekereza uko igihe kigenda gihita no kudasobanukirwa.
Oh, kandi yanashinze Stanford AI Lab.
Stanford AI Lab (SAIL) yabaye inkingi y'ingenzi mu bushakashatsi bwa siyansi. Robotike, gutunganya indimi, uburyo bwo kureba - byose byari bifite inkomoko aho.
Nubwo atari we wenyine 📚🧾
Reba, ubuhanga ntabwo ari ikintu gikunze gukorwa ku giti cye. Imirimo ya McCarthy yari iy'ibanze, yego, ariko ntabwo yari wenyine mu kubaka inkingi ya AI. Dore abandi bakwiye kuvugwa:
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Alan Turing - Yatanze ikibazo kigira kiti, “Ese imashini zishobora gutekereza?” mu 1950. Ikizamini cye cya Turing kiracyavugwa na n'ubu. Ni umuhanga mu kureba ibintu kandi ateye agahinda mbere y'igihe cye 🤖.
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Claude Shannon - Yafashije gutangiza inama ya Dartmouth na McCarthy. Yanakoze imbeba ya tekiniki (Theseus) yakemuraga maze yiga. Byari bitangaje gato mu myaka ya 1950 🐭.
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Herbert Simon na Allen Newell - Bakoze Logic Theorist, porogaramu yashoboraga kwemeza theorems. Abantu ntibabyemeraga mbere.
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Marvin Minsky - Umuhanga mu by'imitekerereze n'ubuhanga mu by'ubwenge. Yanyuze mu miterere y'imitsi, roboti, n'ibitekerezo bikomeye bya filozofiya. McCarthy yahoranye imyaka myinshi arwana mu by'ubwenge 🛠️.
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Nils Nilsson - Yahinduye bucece uburyo dutekereza ku bijyanye no gutegura, gushakisha, n'abashinzwe abakozi. Yanditse ibitabo abanyeshuri benshi ba mbere ba AI bari bafite ku meza yabo.
Aba bantu ntibari abakinnyi bakomeye - bafashije mu gusobanura impande z'icyo ubuhanga bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina (AI) bushobora kuba. Nyamara, McCarthy yari afite umwanya ukomeye.
Muri iki gihe? Ibyo ni ibindi bintu bishya 🔬⚙️
Hitamo vuba. Ufite abantu nka Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, na Yann LeCun - ubu bazwi nka "Godfathers of Deep Learning."
Uburyo bwa Hinton bwo gukwirakwiza amashusho mu myaka ya za 1980 ntibwari bwarahindutse gusa - bwarahindutse. Mu 2012, akazi ke ku miyoboro y'imitsi ya convolutional kafashije gutangiza ubuhanga bwa gihanga mu ruhame. Tekereza: kumenya amashusho, guhuza amajwi, inyandiko zihanura - byose bituruka kuri uwo muvuduko wimbitse wo kwiga 🌊.
Mu 2024, Hinton yahawe igihembo cya Nobel muri Fiziki kubera iyo nkunga. Yego, fiziki. Nguko uko itandukaniro riri hagati ya code na cognition 🏆.
Ariko iki ni iki: nta Hinton, nta kwiyongera k'ubumenyi bwimbitse - ni ukuri. Ariko kandi, nta McCarthy, nta ishami rya AI mu ntangiriro. Ingaruka ze ziri mu magufwa.
Imirimo ya McCarthy? Iracyafite akamaro 🧩📏
Impinduka zidasanzwe - nubwo kwiga byimbitse ari itegeko muri iki gihe, bimwe mu bitekerezo bya McCarthy "bya kera" birimo kugaruka. Gutekereza mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo, imbonerahamwe y'ubumenyi, na sisitemu zivanze? Ni byo by'ejo hazaza nanone.
Kuki? Kubera ko nubwo abantu bakora imyitozo ngororamubiri ari abanyabwenge, baracyafite ikibazo mu bintu bimwe na bimwe - nko kubungabunga uburyo ibintu bihora bihindagurika, gushyira mu bikorwa logique uko igihe kigenda gihita, cyangwa guhangana n'ibintu bivuguruzanya. McCarthy yari asanzwe asuzuma izo nkengero mu myaka ya za 60 na 70.
Rero iyo abantu bavuga kuvanga LLM n'ibice by'ubwenge cyangwa ikigereranyo - baba babizi cyangwa batabizi, basubiramo igitabo cye cy'imikino.
None se, ni nde Se wa AI? 🧠✅
Nta gushidikanya hano: John McCarthy.
Yahimbye izina. Yahinduye imvugo. Yubatse ibikoresho. Yabajije ibibazo bikomeye. Ndetse na n'ubu, abashakashatsi ba AI baracyahanganye n'ibitekerezo yashushanyije ku kibaho mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize.
Urashaka kwifashisha kode ya LISP? Winjire mu bintu bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ikigereranyo? Cyangwa urebe uburyo imiterere ya McCarthy ihuzwa n'imiterere y'imitsi y'ubwonko yo muri iki gihe? Ndagufiteho amakuru - ibaze gusa.