Igisubizo kigufi: Robots zikoresha ubuhanga bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwa “AI” kugira ngo zikore urugendo ruhoraho rwo kumva, gusobanukirwa, gutegura, gukora no kwiga, bityo zikabasha kugenda no gukora mu mutekano ahantu hahuze kandi hahinduka. Iyo sensors zigize urusaku cyangwa icyizere kigabanuka, sisitemu zakozwe neza zigabanya umuvuduko, zigahagarara mu mutekano, cyangwa zigasaba ubufasha aho gukeka.
Ibintu by'ingenzi byakunzwe:
Umuyoboro w'ubwigenga : Hubaka sisitemu zikikije ubyumviro – gusobanukirwa – gahunda – gukora – kwiga, ntabwo ari icyitegererezo kimwe.
Ubudahangarwa : Igishushanyo mbonera cyo kureba kure, akajagari, kunyerera, n'abantu bagenda mu buryo butunguranye.
Kutamenya neza : Kura icyizere kandi ugikoreshe kugira ngo utere imbere imyitwarire itekanye kandi irangwa no kwiyubaha.
Inyandiko z'umutekano : Andika ibikorwa n'aho byabereye kugira ngo ibyananiranye bigenzurwe kandi bikosorwe.
Itsinda ry’ibice by’imvange : Huza ML n’ibipimo bya fiziki n’igenzura rya kera kugira ngo ugire icyizere.
Dore incamake y'uburyo ubuhanga bwo gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina (AI) bugaragara imbere muri robots kugira ngo zikore neza.
Ingingo ushobora gukunda gusoma nyuma y'iyi:
🔗 Iyo robo za Elon Musk zibangamiye akazi
Icyo robo za Tesla zishobora gukora n'inshingano zishobora guhinduka.
🔗 Roboti ikoresha imiterere y'umubiri (AI) ni iki?
Menya uburyo robo zimeze nk'abantu zibona, zigenda, kandi zikurikiza amabwiriza.
🔗 Ni iyihe mirimo AI izasimbura?
Inshingano zigaragara cyane mu buryo bwikora n'ubuhanga bukomeza kugira agaciro.
🔗 Akazi k'ubuhanga bw'ubukorano n'akazi k'ejo hazaza
Inzira z'umwuga w'ubukorano bwa gihanga (AI) n'uburyo ubukorano bwa gihanga (AI) buhindura icyerekezo cy'akazi.
Ni gute Robots zikoresha AI? Uburyo bwihuse bwo gutekereza
Robot nyinshi zikoresha AI zikurikiza umurongo ukurikira:
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Ubwenge 👀: Kamera, mikoro, LiDAR, sensors z'imbaraga, encoders z'amapine, n'ibindi.
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Sobanukirwa 🧠: Kumenya ibintu, gupima aho biherereye, kumenya imimerere, no guhanura imikorere.
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Gahunda 🗺️: Hitamo intego, ubarure inzira zitekanye, tegura imirimo.
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Kora 🦾: Kora amabwiriza ya moteri, fata, zunguruka, shyira kuringaniza, wirinde inzitizi.
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Iga 🔁: Kunoza uburyo abantu babona ibintu cyangwa imyitwarire yabo ukoresheje amakuru (rimwe na rimwe kuri interineti, akenshi utari kuri interineti).
"AI" nyinshi za roboti mu by'ukuri ni umurundo w'ibice bikorana - imyumvire , isuzuma rya leta , igenamigambi , n'igenzura - byose hamwe byongera ubwigenge.
Ikintu kimwe gifatika mu "murima": igice kigoye akenshi si ukugira ngo robo ikore ikintu rimwe mu buryo bworoshye - ni ukugira ngo ikore ikintu kimwe mu buryo bwizewe iyo amatara ahindutse, amapine aranyerera, hasi hakabya, amashelufu yahindutse, kandi abantu bagenda nk'abantu batamenyekanye.
Ni iki gituma ubwonko bwa robot buba bwiza mu bijyanye no gukoresha ubwenge bwa gihanga (AI)
Imashini ikomeye ya robot AI ntigomba kuba ikoze neza gusa - igomba kuba yizewe mu bintu bidasanzwe kandi bifatika.
Ibintu by'ingenzi biranga umuntu birimo:
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Imikorere ikorwa mu gihe nyacyo ⏱️ (gufata ibyemezo ku gihe ni ingenzi)
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Ingufu ku makuru adasobanutse (urusaku, akajagari, ubucucike bw'ibice, kubura uko ibintu bigenda)
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Uburyo bwiza bwo gutsindwa 🧯 (gabanya umuvuduko, hagarara neza, saba ubufasha)
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Inyigisho nziza + imyigire myiza (fiziki + imbogamizi + ML - ntabwo ari "imitima" gusa)
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Ubwiza bw'uburyo bwo kubona ibintu bupimwe 📏 (kumenya igihe sensor/models zangiritse)
Robot nziza cyane akenshi si izishobora gukora amayeri adasanzwe rimwe, ahubwo ni izishobora gukora imirimo irambiranye umunsi ku wundi.
Imbonerahamwe yo kugereranya imiterere y'ibikoresho bisanzwe bya Robot AI
| Igikoresho cya AI / Igikoresho | Ni uwa nde | Igiciro gikwiye | Impamvu bikora |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kureba kuri mudasobwa (gutahura ibintu, gutandukanya ibice) 👁️ | Roboti zigendanwa, intwaro, indege zitagira abapilote | Hagati | Ihindura amakuru aboneka mu buryo bw'amashusho nk'igenzura ry'ibintu |
| SLAM (gushushanya + aho ibintu biri) 🗺️ | Robots zigendagenda | Hagati-Hejuru | Akora ikarita mu gihe akurikirana aho robo iherereye, ni ingenzi mu kuyobora [1] |
| Gutegura inzira + kwirinda inzitizi 🚧 | Robot zo gutanga ibicuruzwa, AMR zo mu bubiko | Hagati | Ibara inzira zitekanye kandi igahura n'imbogamizi mu gihe nyacyo |
| Uburyo bwo kugenzura bwa kera (PID, uburyo bwo kugenzura bushingiye ku rugero) 🎛️ | Ikintu cyose gifite moteri | Hasi | Bituma habaho kugenda guhamye kandi gushoboka |
| Kwiga mu buryo bwo kongera imbaraga (RL) 🎮 | Ubuhanga bugoye, gukoresha ibintu mu buryo bugoye, kugenda mu buryo bugoye | Hejuru | Yiga binyuze muri politiki zo kugerageza no gukora amakosa zishingiye ku gihembo [3] |
| Imvugo + ururimi (ASR, intego, LLMs) 🗣️ | Abafasha, roboti zikora akazi | Hagati-Hejuru | Yemerera abantu kuganira binyuze mu rurimi karemano |
| Gutahura indwara zitagaragara neza + gukurikirana 🚨 | Inganda, ubuvuzi, umutekano w'ibanze | Hagati | Imenya imiterere idasanzwe mbere yuko ihenda cyangwa iteza akaga |
| Guhuza sensor (Kalman filters, ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza) 🧩 | Uburyo bwo kuyobora, indege zitagira abapilote, indege zitagira abapilote | Hagati | Ihuza amasoko y'amakuru asakuza kugira ngo igereranye neza [1] |
Uburyo Robots Zihindura Amakuru y'Ibikoresho Bisanzwe mu Buryo Busanzwe
Uburyo bwo kubona ibintu ni bwo robots zihindura imiyoboro y'amasensa ikintu zishobora gukoresha:
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Kamera → Kumenya ibintu, gupima ishusho, gusobanukirwa ahantu habera
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LiDAR → intera + imiterere y'imbogamizi
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Kamera z'ubujyakuzimu → Imiterere ya 3D n'umwanya w'ubuntu
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Mikorofone → Ibimenyetso by'imvugo n'amajwi
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Ibikoresho byo gupima imbaraga/torque → gufata neza no gukorana neza
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Ibikoresho byo gupima → Gutahura ibintu binyura mu jisho, ibikorwa byo kumenya aho umuntu ahurira n'abandi
Robots zishingikiriza kuri AI kugira ngo zisubize ibibazo nk'ibi:
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“Ni ibihe bintu biri imbere yanjye?”
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“Uwo ni umuntu cyangwa ni ikoti ry’ibishushanyo mbonera?”
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"Umugozi uri he?"
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"Hari ikintu kirimo kunjyaho?"
Ibisobanuro bigufi ariko by'ingenzi: uburyo bwo kubona ibintu bugomba gutanga amakuru adafite ishingiro (cyangwa icyizere), atari igisubizo cya yego/oya gusa - kuko igenamigambi n'ibyemezo by'umutekano bishingira ku buryo roboti yizewe.
Gushyira mu mwanya wawe no Gushushanya: Kumenya aho uri nta bwoba
Roboti igomba kumenya aho ikorera neza. Ibi bikunze gukorwa hifashishijwe SLAM (Gushyira mu mwanya umwe no gushushanya hamwe) : kubaka ikarita mu gihe hapimwa imiterere ya roboti icyarimwe. Mu buryo bwa kera, SLAM ifatwa nk'ikibazo cyo gupima ibintu bishoboka, hamwe n'imiryango isanzwe irimo uburyo bwa EKF n'uburyo bwa particle-filter. [1]
Roboti isanzwe ihuza:
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Odometry y'ibiziga (uburyo bw'ibanze bwo gukurikirana)
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Guhuza LiDAR scan cyangwa ibimenyetso by'ahantu nyaburanga
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IMU (kuzunguruka/kwihuta)
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GPS (hanze, ifite imbogamizi)
Robots ntizishobora kuba ahantu hazwi neza - bityo uduce twiza dukora nk'abantu bakuru: gukurikirana ibintu bidasobanutse, kumenya aho ibintu binyura, no gusubira mu myitwarire myiza iyo icyizere cyagabanutse.
Gutegura no Gufata Ibyemezo: Guhitamo Icyo Gukora Nyuma
Iyo robo imaze kubona ishusho y'isi ifatika, igomba gufata icyemezo cy'icyo gukora. Igenamigambi rikunze kugaragara mu byiciro bibiri:
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Igenamigambi ry'aho utuye (gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri vuba) ⚡
Irinde inzitizi, gabanya umuvuduko hafi y'abantu, kurikira inzira/imihanda. -
Igenamigambi rusange (ishusho nini) 🧭
Hitamo aho ujya, nyura mu turere twafunzwe, shyira gahunda y'imirimo.
Mu by’ukuri, aha niho robo ihindura "Ndatekereza ko mbona inzira isobanutse" ikajya mu mabwiriza afatika y’ingendo atazaca mu mfuruka y’agasanduku - cyangwa ngo ajye mu mwanya w’umuntu.
Igenzura: Guhindura Gahunda mu buryo bworoshye
Sisitemu zo kugenzura zihindura ibikorwa byateguwe mo ibikorwa nyabyo, mu gihe zihangana n'ibibazo bidasanzwe nk'ibi:
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Guhuzagurika
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Impinduka ku mushahara
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Uburemere bw'isi
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Gutinda kwa moteri no gukomeretsa
Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo PID , igenzura rishingiye ku rugero , igenzura ry’icyitegererezo , na kinematike ihindagurika ku maboko, ni ukuvuga imibare ituma "shyira gripper aho " mu mikorere y’ingingo. [2]
Uburyo bw'ingirakamaro bwo kubitekerezaho:
Gutegura inzira bihitamo inzira.
Kugenzura bituma robo ikurikira inzira idahindagurika, idashyuha cyane, cyangwa ngo inyeganyeze nk'igare rinini ririmo kafeyine.
Kwiga: Uburyo Robots Zitera Imbere Aho Guhindurwa Porogaramu Ihoraho
Robots zishobora gutera imbere ziga amakuru aho kuyavugurura n'intoki nyuma ya buri mpinduka mu bidukikije.
Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kwigisha burimo:
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Kwiga bigenzurwa 📚: Wige ingero zanditseho (urugero, "iyi ni pallet").
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Kwiga wigenzuye 🔍: Wige imiterere ukoresheje amakuru fatizo (urugero, guhanura imbonerahamwe z'ejo hazaza).
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Kwiga gushimangira 🎯: Wige ibikorwa ukoresha uburyo bwo kongera ibimenyetso by'ibihembo uko igihe kigenda gihita (bikunze kugaragara ku bakozi, ibidukikije, n'inyungu). [3]
Aho RL igaragara: kwiga imyitwarire igoye aho gushushanya igikoresho gikoresha intoki bibabaza.
Aho RL irushaho kuba mbi: gukoresha neza amakuru, umutekano mu gihe cyo gushakisha, n'icyuho cyo kuva kuri sim kugeza kuri real.
Uburyo abantu bakorana na roboti: ubuhanga bwo gukorana n'abantu (AI) bufasha roboti gukorana n'abantu
Ku ma robots yo mu ngo cyangwa mu kazi, imikoranire ni ingenzi. AI ifasha:
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Kumenya imvugo (ijwi → amagambo)
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Gutahura intego (amagambo → ibisobanuro)
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Gusobanukirwa ibimenyetso (kwerekana, imvugo y'umubiri)
Ibi bisa n'ibyoroshye kugeza igihe ubitumije: abantu ntibahuza, imvugo ziratandukanye, ibyumba birasakuza, kandi "harya" si urwego rw'amajwi.
Kwizera, umutekano, na "Ntugatinye": Igice kitaryoshye cyane ariko cy'ingenzi
Robots ni sisitemu za AI zifite ingaruka ku mubiri , bityo icyizere n'umutekano ntibishobora kuba ikintu cya nyuma.
Udukingirizo tw’umutekano dukoreshwa akenshi tuba turimo:
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Gukurikirana icyizere/kutumvikana
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Imyitwarire y'abakunda kwifata iyo imyumvire yabo igabanutse
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Ibikorwa byo kwandika mu rwego rwo gukosora no kugenzura
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Sobanura imipaka ku byo roboti ishobora gukora
Uburyo bwo ku rwego rwo hejuru bwo kubigena ni ugucunga ibyago: imiyoborere, gushushanya ibyago, kubipima, no kubicunga mu buzima bwose bw'umuntu, bihuye n'uburyo NIST ishyiraho uburyo bwo gucunga ibyago bya AI mu buryo bwagutse. [4]
Uburyo "Uburyo Bunini": Robots Zikoresha Ubu buryo bw'Ifatizo
Imiterere y’ibanze irimo gutera imbere mu myitwarire ya roboti ikoreshwa muri rusange - cyane cyane iyo ururimi, icyerekezo, n’ibikorwa bihujwe.
Urugero rumwe rw'icyerekezo ni vision-language-action (VLA) , aho sisitemu itozwa guhuza icyo ibona + icyo itegetswe gukora + ibikorwa ikwiye gukora. RT-2 ni urugero ruvugwa cyane rw'ubu buryo bwo kuyikoresha. [5]
Igice gishimishije: gusobanukirwa neza kandi ku rwego rwo hejuru.
Igenzura ry'ukuri: kwizerana kw'isi y'umubiri biracyasaba ingamba zo kurinda - isuzuma rya kera, imipaka y'umutekano, no kugenzura ibintu mu buryo burambye ntibishira kubera ko robo ishobora "kuvugana ubwenge."
Amagambo ya nyuma
None se, Robots zikoresha gute AI? Robots zikoresha AI kugira ngo zimenye , zigereranye imiterere (ndi he?) , zitegure , kandi zigenzure - ndetse rimwe na rimwe ziga amakuru kugira ngo zirusheho kunoza. AI ituma robo zishobora guhangana n'ingorane z'ibidukikije bihindagurika, ariko gutsinda biterwa na sisitemu zizewe kandi zipimye zifite imyitwarire ijyanye n'umutekano mbere y'ibindi.
Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa
Ni gute robots zikoresha ubuhanga bwo gukora (AI) kugira ngo zikore mu buryo bwigenga?
Robots zikoresha ubuhanga bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bw’ubuhanga (AI) kugira ngo zikore urugendo ruhoraho rwo kwigenga: kumva isi, gusobanura ibiri kuba, gutegura intambwe ikurikiraho mu mutekano, gukora binyuze muri moteri, no kwiga ku makuru. Mu by’ukuri, iki ni uruhurirane rw’ibice bikora mu buryo buhuriweho aho kuba uburyo bumwe bwo "gutangaza". Intego ni imyitwarire yizewe mu bidukikije bihinduka, ntabwo ari iyerekwa rimwe gusa mu bihe byiza.
Ese roboti AI ni icyitegererezo kimwe gusa cyangwa ni ukwigenga gukomeye?
Muri sisitemu nyinshi, robot AI ni urutonde rwuzuye: uburyo umuntu abona ibintu, imiterere y’ibintu, igenamigambi, n’igenzura. Kwiga imashini bifasha mu mirimo nko kureba no guhanura, mu gihe imiterere ya fiziki n’igenzura rya kera bikomeza kugenda neza kandi bikamenyekana. Uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ibintu nyabyo bukoresha uburyo buvanze kuko kwizera ni ingenzi kuruta ubuhanga. Niyo mpamvu kwiga "imivugire gusa" bidakunze kubaho hanze y’imiterere igenzurwa.
Ni izihe sensors na moderi zo kubona ibintu robots za AI zikoresha?
Roboti za AI zikunze guhuza kamera, LiDAR, sensor z'ubujyakuzimu, mikoro, IMU, encoders, na sensor z'imbaraga/torque cyangwa tactile. Modele zo kureba zihindura izi streams mo ibimenyetso bikoreshwa nko kumenya ikintu, imiterere yacyo, umwanya wigenga, n'ibimenyetso by'ingendo. Uburyo bwiza ni ugutanga icyizere cyangwa kudasobanukirwa, atari ibirango gusa. Uko kudasobanukirwa bishobora kuyobora igenamigambi ritekanye iyo sensors zangiritse bitewe n'urumuri, ubucucike, cyangwa akajagari.
SLAM ni iki muri roboti, kandi kuki ari ingenzi?
SLAM (Gushyira mu mwanya umwe no gushushanya hamwe) bifasha robo gukora ikarita mu gihe igereranya aho iherereye icyarimwe. Ni ingenzi kuri robo zigenda kandi zikenera kugenda nta "gutinya" iyo imiterere ihindutse. Ibikoresho bisanzwe birimo odometry y'amapine, IMU, na LiDAR cyangwa ibimenyetso by'amaso, rimwe na rimwe GPS iri hanze. Imiterere myiza ikurikirana ukugenda no kutizera ku buryo robo ishobora kwitwara neza iyo aho iherereye habaye ihungabana.
Gutegura robo no kugenzura robo bitandukaniye he?
Gutegura bigena icyo robo igomba gukora nyuma yaho, nko guhitamo aho ijya, kuzenguruka imbogamizi, cyangwa kwirinda abantu. Kugenzura bihindura iyo gahunda mu buryo bworoshye kandi buhamye nubwo hari ukutumvikana, impinduka mu mutwaro, no gutinda kwa moteri. Gutegura akenshi bigabanywamo igenamigambi mpuzamahanga (inzira nini) n'igenamigambi ryo mu gace runaka (gutekereza vuba hafi y'imbogamizi). Kugenzura bikunze gukoresha ibikoresho nka PID, kugenzura bishingiye ku rugero, cyangwa kugenzura uburyo bwo guhanura kugira ngo bikurikize gahunda neza.
Ni gute robots zihangana n'ibibazo cyangwa icyizere gito mu buryo bw'umutekano?
Roboti zakozwe neza zifata ibintu bidasobanutse nk'inyongera ku myitwarire, si ikintu cyo kwirengagiza. Iyo icyizere cyo kubona ibintu cyangwa aho umuntu aherereye kigabanuka, uburyo busanzwe ni ukugabanya umuvuduko, kongera inyungu z'umutekano, guhagarara mu mutekano, cyangwa gusaba ubufasha bw'abantu aho gukeka. Sisitemu kandi zibika ibikorwa n'aho biherereye kugira ngo ibyabaye bigenzurwe kandi byoroshye kubikosora. Iyi myumvire "yo gutsindwa neza" ni itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y'ibyerekanwa n'ibyerekanwa bishobora gukoreshwa.
Ni ryari kwiga gushimangira ingirakamaro kuri robots, kandi ni iki gituma bigorana?
Kwiga gushimangira akenshi bikoreshwa mu buhanga bugoye nko gukoresha uburyo bwo gukora ibintu cyangwa kugenda aho gushushanya igikoresho gikoresha intoki bibabaza. Bishobora kuvumbura imyitwarire myiza binyuze mu kugerageza no gukora amakosa, akenshi mu buryo bwo kwigana. Gukoresha ibintu bigorana kuko gushakisha bishobora kuba bibi, amakuru ashobora kuba ahenze, kandi icyuho cyo gukoresha mudasobwa kijya gusa gishobora gusenya politiki. Imiyoboro myinshi ikoresha RL mu buryo bwo guhitamo, hamwe n'imbogamizi n'igenzura rya kera kugira ngo habeho umutekano n'ituze.
Ese imashini zikoresha fondasiyo zihindura uburyo robots zikoresha ubuhanga bwa "AI"?
Uburyo bwo gukoresha icyitegererezo cy’ibanze burimo gusunika robots ku myitwarire rusange, ikurikiza amabwiriza, cyane cyane iyo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa VLA nka sisitemu ya RT-2. Ibyiza ni uguhuza icyo robots zibona n'icyo zabwiwe gukora n'uko zigomba gukora. Ukuri ni uko isuzuma rya kera, imipaka y'umutekano, n'igenzura ry’ubudahangarwa bigifite akamaro mu kugira ngo umuntu yizere. Amatsinda menshi abivuga nk'imicungire y'ibyago by'ubuzima, bisa n'uburyo nka NIST's AI RMF.
Amareferensi
[1] Durrant-Whyte na Bailey -
Gushyira mu bikorwa no Gutegura Amakarita mu buryo bumwe (SLAM): Igice cya I Algorithms z'ingenzi (PDF) [2] Lynch na Park -
Robotics zigezweho: Mechanics, Plan, and Control (Preprint PDF) [3] Sutton na Barto -
Kwiga Gushimangira: Intangiriro (PDF yahinduwe bwa kabiri) [4] NIST -
Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0) (PDF) [5] Brohan et al. - RT-2: Ibyerekezo-Ururimi-Ibikorwa Ihererekanya Ubumenyi bwa Web muri Robotic Control (arXiv)